NAD+

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme found in all living cells, critical for metabolic processes and overall cellular function. It mediates redox reactions by cycling between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms, enabling electron transfer that is vital for energy production. NAD+ participates in over 500 enzymatic reactions and plays a central role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Research suggests it may support muscle function, protect neurons, and help mitigate the effects of aging.

In addition to energy metabolism, NAD+ is crucial for DNA repair and gene regulation through enzymes such as sirtuins and PARPs. Sirtuins use NAD+ to regulate processes like DNA repair, gene expression, and aging, while PARPs utilize it to repair DNA damage and preserve genomic stability. These functions highlight NAD+'s key role in maintaining cellular integrity and combating age-related decline.